Behavioral dependence upon phencyclidine
and ketamine in the rat
by
Beardsley PM, Balster RL.
Life Sci. 2006 Mar 13;78(16):1839-44.

ABSTRACT

The present studies examined whether dependence could be induced by continuous i.v. infusion of phencyclidine (PCP) in rats as demonstrated by disruptions of operant behavior during withdrawal. Rats were trained to lever press for their daily food rations under fixed-ratio 30 schedules of reinforcement during four, daily, 0.5-hr sessions. In the first study, withdrawal from 10 days of PCP infusion at a rate of 0.5 mg/kg/hr resulted in markedly reduced response rates which typically occurred within 6 to 12 hr and recovered within 24 to 48 hr, providing evidence of dependence in the four rats tested. The PCP withdrawal effect was replicated systematically in seven additional rats which had been given individually maximally tolerated PCP infusion regimens. Additionally, when PCP was readministered during withdrawal, the downward trend in response rates was halted and rates increased rapidly to control levels, providing evidence of reversal of PCP withdrawal effects. When ketamine, another arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic, was administered during PCP withdrawal at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg/hr, it also was able to reverse PCP withdrawal effects, demonstrating cross-dependence from PCP to ketamine. Response rates were also reduced markedly relative to control levels during withdrawal from continuous i.v. ketamine infusion in three rats tested, providing evidence that dependence upon this drug could also be induced. Withdrawal of PCP and ketamine administration can disrupt operant behavior, providing further evidence for the ability of these drugs to produce dependence.

Review
Memory
Ketamine
Phencyclidine
Beyond the K-hole
Ketamine: long-term outcomes
Ketamine: medical and non-medical use
The role of ketamine in pain management
Ketamine is not a long-acting antidepressant for rats
Low-dose ketamine as a fast-onset, long-acting antidepressant